This report — part of the Beyond Territorial Asylum: Making Protection Work in a Bordered World initiative led by the Migration Policy Institute and the Robert Bosch Stiftung — explores what motivates states, international organizations, and other actors to implement refugee participation initiatives, what forms these initiatives take, and what their limitations are. The study also proposes a preliminary theory of change (how such activities are intended to achieve their goals), a set of indicators to measure the influence of refugee participation on policy effectiveness, and recommendations for how such tools can be leveraged to improve refugee engagement and protection policies.